Copyright Information

Advice on copyright and the BBC's webpages can be found within Terms and Conditions.

Educational establishments in the UK who wish to reproduce material can find guidelines within the Schools pages.

Any image on the History site that has been licensed for usage by the BBC has a © link in its caption. Click this link to see contact information for the appropriate copyright holder. This page will be displayed with the appropriate copyright holder shown at the top of the screen.

Non-BBC copyright images have been reproduced by courtesy of the following:

Abi Husainy

A private collection of photographs

Abbey Theatre

Lower Abbey Street, Dublin 1.
Tel: +353 1 8787222

The Abbey Theatre was founded in 1903 by Lady Gregory, J.M. Synge and W.B. Yeats. The Abbey and the Peacock Theatre are part of the National Theatre Society. They promote new Irish writing.

Abbey Theatre

Lower Abbey Street, Dublin 1.
Tel: +353 1 8787222

The Abbey Theatre was founded in 1903 by Lady Gregory, J.M. Synge and W.B. Yeats. The Abbey and the Peacock Theatre are part of the National Theatre Society. They promote new Irish writing.

Aberdeenshire Heritage

Aden Country Park, Mintlaw, Aberdeenshire AB42 5FQ.
Tel: 01771 622 906

Aberdeenshire Heritage is the museum section of Aberdeenshire Council, operating twelve museums and visitor centres.

The Aerial Reconnaissance Archives at Keele University

Air Photo Archive, Keele University, Keele, Staffs ST5 5BG UK.
Tel: +44 (0)1782 583395
Fax: +44 (0)1782 583395

The Aerial Reconnaissance Archives is a place of deposit for the National Archives, and holds millions of aerial photographs taken by the Allies and Luftwaffe during World War II. Over time, these images and millions more taken by the Royal Air Force in later conflicts, will be accessible through their website.

Aidan Dodson

A private collection of photographs of ancient Egypt.

Alan Fildes

A private collection of photographs of ancient Egypt.

Allsport

Allsport is a photographic agency which is now part of Getty Images.

African National Congress

African National Congress Party press office

AKG London Ltd

The collection ranges from classical to contemporary fine art, topography, music, personalities, film and world history.

All Souls College Library

All Souls College Library, High Street, Oxford, OX1 4AL.
Tel: 01865 279318

Images of St Paul's Cathedral appear by kind permission of All Souls College Library.

Ancient Art & Architecture Collection Ltd

410-420 Rayners Lane, Pinner, Middlesex HA5 5DY.
Tel: 020 8429 3131

The collection covers the ancient cultures of Mesopotamia, Assyria, Persia, Babylon, Egypt, Greece & Rome.

Anona Lyons

Map drawn by Anona Lyons

The Ancient Egypt Picture Library

6 Branden Drive, Knutsford, Cheshire, WA16 8EJ.

Incorporating over 15,000 photographs of Egypt, concentrating mainly on the ancient sites, but also including many scenes of life along the banks of the river Nile today.

Anti-Slavery International

Broomgrove Road, London SW9 9TL.
Tel: 020 7501 8920

Anti-Slavery was set up in 1839 with the specific objective of ending slavery throughout the world. The library's collection of books, reports, journals, photographs, lantern slides, microfilm, video and press cuttings date from the early days of the abolitionist movement through to the present.

Archaeology Museum of San Miguel de Azapa

Many mummies and artifacts are on display in this museum at the University of Tarapacá in Chile. The photographer and copyright holder of the photograph featured in the Ancient Egyptian section of the History site is Dr Joann Fletcher.

Archäologische Denkmalpflege Mainz

Archaeoptics Ltd

PO Box 3738, Glasgow G41 4YD, Scotland, UK.
Tel: +44 141 423 3449

Archaeoptics are experts in digital recording, reconstruction and presentation, operating primarily within the archaeological and heritage sectors. Images courtesy of the Friends of Govan Old.

Archiwum Dokumentacji Mechanicznej

Central State Archives ul. Hankiewicza 02-103 Warsaw.
Tel: (0-22) 824 04 59
Fax: (0-22) 831 17 36

Archive has photographs and negatives from post-1900.

The Art Archive

Concentrating on fine art, history and civilizations, specialist areas include archaeology, militaria, music and theatre.

Ashmolean Museum, Oxford

Founded in 1683, the Ashmolean is one of the oldest public museums in the world. Collections range from Palaeolithic to Victorian. (These images from the Ashmolean are managed by the Bridgeman Art Library

Associated Press

Photographic agency holding wide range of press images from global events.

Árni Magnússon Institute in Iceland

The institute houses manuscripts from all periods of Icelandic literary history, as far back as the twelfth century.

Neil Aston

Photographs of Gary Sheffield appear courtesy of Neil Aston.

Australian War Memorial

Museum commemorating the sacrifice of Australians in war. Includes collections of art, artefacts, official and private documents and photographs.

BBC image archive

Bank of England Museum

Bank of England Museum, Threadneedle Street, London, EC2R 8AH.
Tel: 020 7601 5545

Bank of Scotland

The Archives, Bank of Scotland, 12 Bankhead Crossway South, Sighthill, Edinburgh EH11 4EN Scotland..
Tel: 0131 529 1288/ 1305

Holding the historical records of the Bank of Scotland going back to its foundation in 1695, in addition to the records of banks with which it has amalgamated along the way.

Bayerische Staatsbibliothek

Abteilung fuer Handschriften und Alte Drucke D-80328 Munich, Germany.

Belfast Central Library

Royal Avenue, Belfast BT1 1EA. .
Tel: 028 9024 3233

Belfast Telegraph

124-144 Royal Avenue, Belfast, BT1 1EB.

Bibliothèque Nationale

Département de la reproduction, Quai François Mauriac, 75706 Paris cedex 13, France.

Bibliotheca Hermetica Philosophica

R Ritman Library, Bibliotheca Philosophica Hermetica, Bloemgracht 31-35 NL-1016KC Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

Bildarchiv Preußischer Kulturbesitz

Märkisches Ufer 16-18 - D, 10179 Berlin, Postfach 61 03 17, 10925 Berlin.

Birmingham County Council

Birmingham City Council, Council House, Victoria Square, Birmingham, England B1 1BB.
Tel: 0121 303 9944

The Board of Trinity College, Dublin

Dublin 2. Tel: 353-1-6081000.

Bolton Metropolitan Council

Deane church photos: copyright Nic Clews.

Boulder City Museum and Historical Association

PO Box 60516, Boulder City, NV, 89006-0516.
Tel: [702] 294-1988

The Museum tells the story of the Boulder Canyon Project as it was experienced by the men and women who braved the desolation of the southern Nevada desert to build Hoover Dam and Boulder City. This is achieved through the museum's extensive photo archive as well as artifacts, oral histories, and the sounds of Hoover Dam construction.

Bridgeman Art Library

One of the world's most comprehensive sources of fine art images representing thousands of museums, galleries and contemporary artists across Europe and America.

British Film Institute

British Film Institute, 21 Stephen Street, London W1T 1LN.

British Library

96 Euston Road, London NW1 2DB.
Tel: 020 7412 7332

The British Library is the UK's national Library, providing reader facilities and extensive bibliographic services. It has an online catalogue system and is developing a web-based digital library.

British Museum

Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3DG..
Tel: 020 7323 8000

The British Museum holds a collection of art and antiquities from ancient and living cultures. Housed in one of Britain's architectural landmarks, the collection spans two million years of human history. The photographer and copyright holder of the photograph featured in the Ancient Egyptian section of the History site is Dr Joann Fletcher.

British Museum - Treasure

Great Russell Street, London WC1B 3DG.
Tel: 020 7323 8000

These artefacts have been registered and classified as treasure under the 1996 Treasure Act. The images have been reproduced from the Treasure Annual Report 2000 and appear with kind permission of the British Museum.

Brooklyn Museum of Art

200 Eastern Parkway, Brooklyn, New York.

Its permanent collection includes more than one and a half million objects, from ancient Egyptian masterpieces to contemporary art, and represents almost every culture. The photographer and copyright holder of the photograph featured in the Ancient Egyptian section of the History site is Dr Joann Fletcher.

Cambridge Archaeological Unit

Cambridge Archaeological Unit, Department of Archaeology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge. CB2 3DZ.
Tel: 01223 327802

Carol Davidson-Cragoe

Pictures of Kirtling Parish Church reproduced by kind permission.

The Catholic Herald

Herald House, Lambs Passage, Bunhill Row, London, EC1Y 8TQ.
Tel: 020 7588 3101

Capuchin Annual

St. Mary Church of Angels, Church Street, Dublin 7.
Tel: +353 1 745322

Published by Capuchin Friars in Ireland between 1935-1977

The Church of Scotland

The Church Offices, 121 George Street, Edinburgh, EH2 4YN.
Tel: 0131 225 5722

Published by Capuchin Friars in Ireland between 1935-1977

The Coptic Museum

Fakhry Abd el Nour street No4. Abbassia. Cairo, Egypt..
Tel: 3639742 - 3628766

Peter Clayton

A private collection of photographs of ancient Egypt.

Colchester and Essex Museum

The Colonial Williamsburg Foundation

PO Box 1776, Williamsburg VA. 23185-1776.

Colors Magazine/Race issue/Tibor Kalman

Fabrica Spa, Via Ferrarezza, 31050 Catena di Villorba (TV), Italy.
Tel: 0039/0422/516340
Fax: 0039/0422/609088

Commonwealth War Graves Commission

An online database of the graves or memorials commemorating the deaths of Commonwealth servicemen and woman from the two world wars. The site also includes information on battle sites in Europe and futher afield. Enquiries are undertaken via online searches.

Cowper & Newton Museum

The Cowper and Newton Museum, Orchard Side, Market Place, Olney, Buckinghamshire, MK46 4AJ.
Tel: 01234 711516
Fax: 0870 164 0662

Dan Cruickshank

The photographer and copyright holder of the photograph featured is Dan Cruickshank

Dave MacLeod/English Heritage

These photographs were taken by Dave MacLeod, presenter on Time Flyers, and appear with kind permission of Dave and English Heritage.

Diego Garcia Quiroga

The photographer and copyright holder of the photograph featured is Diego Garcia Quiroga

Corbis Photographic Archive

Provides contemporary and archival photography, fine art, illustrations, cartoons and footage.

Creative tv Facilities

The computer reconstructions of Calleva Atrebatum are copyright of Creative tv Facilities, who have made digital reconstructions for numerous Meet the Ancestors programmes and other series. They are reproduced with kind permission.

Voices of D-Day Gallery

Bob Littlar, Ginge Thomas, Eddie McCann, Sid Capon, Bill Farmer, André Heintz, Franz Gockel, James Hill, Bob Slaughter, Jimmy Green, Phil Fitts and Patrick Hennessey, MBE own the photographs of themselves contained in this gallery. Copyright is held by the individuals concerned.

David Bellingham

A private collection of photographs.

Denver Public Library

The image shown is reproduced by kind permission of the Western History Department, Denver Public Library and was taken by DF Barry c 1886.

The Dock Museum

North Road, Barrow-in-Furness, Cumbria, LA14 2PW.
Tel: 01229 870871
Fax: 01229 811361

Dr Dominique Collon

A private collection of photographs of Mesopotamia.

Dover Museum

Market Square, Dover, Kent, UK, CT16 1PB.
Tel: 01304 201066
Fax: 01304 241186

Dover Museum is a local history museum situated in the town centre of Dover, Britain's historic port town.

Dunkirk Voices Gallery

James Bradley, Arthur Turner, James Hill, Bob Bloom, Eric Cottam, Reg Rymer, Marceau Lantenois and Louis Poubel own the photographs of themselves contained in this gallery. Copyright is held by the individuals concerned.

East Riding of Yorkshire Archives Service

Egyptian Museum

Berlin-Charlottenburg The Egyptian Museum owns works of art including the bust of Queen Nefertiti and the portrait of Queen Tiy. The photographer and copyright holder of the photograph featured in the Ancient Egyptian section of the History site is Dr Joann Fletcher.

The Egyptian Museum Cairo

The Egyptian Museum Cairo, Tahrir square, Cairo, Egypt.

The museum exhibits over 120 000 objects, including mummies and artifacts from tombs and royal palaces. The photographer and copyright holder of the photograph featured in the Ancient Egyptian section of the History site is Dr Joann Fletcher.

The Egyptian National Library, Cairo

English Heritage

National Monuments Record, Kemble Drive, Swindon SN2 2GZ .
Tel: 01793 414600 [nmrinfo@english-heritage.org.uk]

Images from this extensive archive are reproduced by permission of English Heritage and are either © English Heritage or © Crown copyright. NMR. English Heritage exists to protect and promote England's spectacular historic environment and ensure that its past is researched and understood.

Environment and Heritage Service, Northern Ireland

Tel: 44 028 90251477

Government organisation protecting and conserving the natural and built environment in Northern Ireland.

Ewen Southby-Tailyour

The photographer and copyright holder of the photograph featured is Ewen Southby-Tailyour

University of Exeter Press

Reed Hall, Streatham Drive, Exeter EX4 4QR.

Publishers of Hen Domen Montgomery. Illustration of castle reconstruction by Peter Scholefield appear by kind permission.

Exeter Cathedral Library

Exeter Cathedral Library, Diocesan House, Palace Gate, Exeter EX1 1HX .
Tel: 01392 272894
Fax: 01392 285986

The Library of the Religious Society of Friends in Britain

Friends House, 173 Euston Road, London, NW1 2BJ.
Tel: 020 7663 1000
Fax: 020 7663 1001

The Religious Society of Friends (Quakers) in Britain is a charity for the advancement of religion.

Joyce Filer

A private collection of photographs of ancient Egypt.

John Hayes Fisher

The images of the 2002 'Meet the Ancestors' expedition to rescue the remains of the BOAC airliner which crashed over the Sahara in 1952 are reproduced with kind permission of John Hayes Fisher, producer of the programme 'Desert Rescue'.

The Fitzwilliam Museum

University of Cambridge, Trumpington Street, Cambridge CB2 1RB.
Tel: 01223 332900

Collections of antiquities, pottery, paintings and manuscripts. The Museum also includes a comprehensive coin and medal collection dating back to Anglo-Saxon times.

Dr Joann Fletcher

A private collection of photographs of ancient Egypt.

Egypt Exploration Society

The Society was founded in 1882 to fund and mount archaeological expeditions to Egypt, and to publish the results of the work undertaken. This work continues today at sites such as Amarna, Memphis and Qasr Ibrim in Egyptian Nubia.

Flight of the Earls Heritage Centre

Rathmullan, County Donegal, Republic of Ireland.
Tel: +353(0) 745 8178

Fotomas Index

A photographic collection of historical and fine art material.

Free ANC

Free Church of Scotland

The Mound, Edinburgh EH1 2LS.
Tel: 0131 226 5286 / 4978

The Free Church of Scotland is an Evangelical, Presbyterian Church adhering in its worship and doctrine to the position adopted by the Church of Scotland at the Reformation (1560).

The Frick Collection, New York

1 East 70th Street, New York.
Tel: 212-288-0700

The Frick Collection consists of art from the 13th to the 19th century and includes some 1,100 works of art consisting of paintings, sculpture and works on paper. The Library provides over one million research items for the study and advancement of art history.(Image - "Officer and the Laughing Girl by Johannes Vermeer)

The Foundling Museum

40 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AZ.
Tel: 0207 841 3600

History of Thomas Corum's foundling hospital with artworks by Hogarth, Hayman, Gainsborough, Reynolds and many others, as well as a strong musical heritage through the patronage and Governorship of George Frideric Handel.

The Fram Museum

Polarskipet FRAM, Bygdøynes, 0286, Oslo, Norway.

Housing Roald Amundsen's ship Fram, the museum was opened in 1936. The classic Norwegian expeditions to the North and South Poles are featured and there are special exhibitions of animal life and nature in the Polar Regions. Amundsen's expeditions feature throughout the Museum.

Gallery of Modern Art, Glasgow

Royal Exchange Square, Glasgow, G1 3AH.
Tel: 0141 229 1996

GoMA is the second most visited contemporary art gallery outside London, offering a thought-provoking programme of temporary exhibitions and workshops.

The Geffrye Museum

Kingsland Road, London E2 8EA.
Tel: 020 7739 9893

The Geffrye museum offers a specialist collection of English furniture and decorative arts in a chronological series of period rooms.

Reg Gill

A private collection of photographs of Malta during World War Two. For more information contact Paul Gill.

Glasgow Museums

Glasgow Libraries

Glasgow University Dept of Special Collections

Department of Special Collections, Glasgow University Library, Hillhead Street, Glasgow G12 8QE.
Tel: 0141 330 6767

Built up over a period of more than 500 years the collections contain more than 200,000 manuscript items and around 200,000 printed works, including over 1,000 incunabula.

Good Housekeeping magazine

The National Magazine Company Limited, National Magazine House, 72 Broadwick Street, London W1F 9EP.
Tel: 020 7439 5000

Greenhill Books

The Faber de Faur sketches are reproduced with kind permission of the above. They feature in With Napoleon in Russia: The Illustrated Memoirs of Faber Du Faur, 1812 published by Greenhill Books.

Griffith Institute

Sackler Library, 1 St John Street, Oxford, OX1 2LG.
Tel: 01865-278099

The Griffith Institute belongs to Oxford University and specializes in the study of ancient Egypt and the ancient Near East.

Guildhall Library

Aldermanbury, EC2P 7HH.
Tel: 020 7332 1868 / 020 7332 1870

The print room of the Guildhall Library contains about 25,000 prints and drawings as well as over 1,000 maps. The collection is devoted primarily to London topography and London life from the 15th century to the present day. All parts of London (not just the City) are included, as are the adjoining counties. Approximately 1,000 caricatures are also included.

The Harbour Commissioners Office

The Harbour Commissioners Office, Belfast BT1 3AL.

Harper family

Permission to reproduce this image granted by the Harper family

Harrogate Museums and Arts

The Harrogate District has a lively collection of museums housing items ranging from Yorkshire Dales' bygones to cutting edge contemporary art.

Images of Henry Harwood and family

Used by kind permission of the Harwood family.

Herefordshire Council

The picture of the St John the Evangelist interior appears by kind permission of Herefordshire Council.

Brian Hall and the Hall family

These images are copyright the family of Brian Hall, who have kindly given permission for them to appear as part of the Family History Trail. They may not be reproduced without prior permission.

Hever Castle

The thirteenth century castle, and childhood home of Anne Boleyn.

Peter Hibbs

Peter Hibbs publishes The South Coast Martello Towers site and holds copyright of the images.

Historic Scotland

Longmore House, Salisbury Place, Edinburgh EH9 1SH.
Tel: 0131 668 8600

Scotland's built heritage illuminates the nation's history from prehistoric standing stones to medieval castles and formal great gardens through to Georgian houses and Second World War defences.

The Atlantic Slave Trade and Slave Life in the Americas: A Visual Record

A project of The Virginia Foundation for the Humanities and The Digital Media Lab at the University of Virginia Library

BBC History Magazine/Giles Park

The picture of the Iron Age coins appears with kind permission of BBC History Magazine; the picture was taken by Giles Park.

The Honourable The Irish Society

54 Castleroe Road, Coleraine, Co. Londonderry, BT51 3RL.
Tel: 028 7034 4796

Hulton/Getty Archive

Unique House, 21-31 Woodfield Road, London,W9 2BA.
Tel: +44 020 7266 2662 (Sales) +44 020 7579 5777 (Research)
Fax: +44 020 7266 3154, +44 020 7266 2414

Hulton archive is a photographic agency with a large collection of photography and illustrative material.

Ica Museum

The museum houses a collection of fossils, mummies, Paracas mantles, Nazca ceramics and Colonial and Republican art pieces. The photographer and copyright holder of the photograph featured in the Ancient Egyptian section of the History site is Dr Joann Fletcher.

Institut Für Zeitungsforschung

Stadt Dortmund, Institut für Zeitungsforschung, Königswall 18, 44122 Dortmund.

Institute of Archaeology Photographs, University College London Library Services

Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT.
Tel: 020 7679 5197

The Illustrated London News Group

20 Upper Ground, London SE1 9PF..
Tel: 020 7805 5555

Irish Art Publications

The Imperial War Museum

Lambeth Road, London SE1 6HZ.
Tel: 020 7416 5320

The Photograph Archive contains over six million images on the two world wars and other conflicts of the twentieth century. The collection is international in scope but dominated by British and Commonwealth photographs. The photographs are mainly black and white, although the selection of colour images is continually increasing to cover conflicts such as Kosovo and Bosnia.

Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust

Museum Library, Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust, Telford, Shropshire, TF8 7AW.
Tel: 01952 432 141

Many of the Library's images focus on the Industrial Revolution. Julian Richards; archaeologist, author and presenter. The photographs which accompany the article on the Mesolithic excavation at Howick are reproduced with kind permission of Julian Richards and remain his sole copyright.

The Jorvik Viking Centre

Coppergate, York Y01 9WT.
Tel: 01904 643211

Renconstrucations and exhibits of tenth century Viking York from the fascinating Coppergate excavations.

Dr Jon Coulston

A private collection of images.

Judges Postcards

Hastings, Sussex, England.
Tel: 01424 420919

Printers and publishers of local view gift stationery since 1902.

Kathryn Reese-Taylor

Department of Archaeology, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Images of Naachtun and Tikal, including all drawings, are reproduced with kind permission and remain the copyright of the above. The drawings of the hierolglyps and the Lady of Tikal are by Marc Zender. The map of Naachtun was drawn by Elizabeth Reese Baloutine.

Kilmainham Gaol Museum

Inchicore Road, Dublin 8.
Tel: +353 1 6777444

Kilmainham Gaol was a functioning prison between 1796 and 1924. It is best known as the prison where the leaders of the 1916 Easter Rebellion were executed.

Kilmartin House Trust

Kilmartin, Argyll, Scotland, PA31 8RQ.
Tel: 01546 510 278

A centre for archaeology and landscape interpretation situated in Argyll, on the West Coast of Scotland.

Lambeth Palace Library

London SE1 7JU..
Tel: 020 7898 1400

Le Moyen Age en Lumiere/The Illuminated Middle Ages

The Illuminated Middle Ages database presents several hundred recently digitized illuminated texts from French national library collections.

Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, King's College London

Strand, London, WC2R 2LS.
Tel: 020 7848 2187 or 020 7848 2015

The Centre holds the private papers of over 500 senior defence personnel. To these are now being added research materials, notably interview transcripts, collected in connection with television documentaries and academic projects.

The Linen Hall Library

17 Donegall Square North, Belfast BT1 5GB.
Tel: (028) 90321707

The Linen Hall Library, founded in 1788, is the oldest library in Belfast. It is the leading centre for Irish and local studies and has an unrivalled political collection of the Troubles.

Library and Archives Canada

The Library of Congress

101 Independence Avenue, SE, Washington D.C. 20540.
Tel: General Information Number: (202) 707 5000

London Transport Museum

39 Wellington Street, Covent Garden, London WC2 7BB.
Tel: 0207 379 6344

A collection of material related to urban transport, consisting of a photo and reference library, a documentary film collection and a poster collection. Subjects covered include London street scenes, construction and London Transport at war.

image supplied c/o Lord Mansfield

Scone Palace, Perth, Scotland, PH2 6BD.
Tel: 01738 552300
Fax: 01738 552588

TUC Library Collections, London Metropolitan University

Holloway Road, London N7 6PP.
Tel: 020 7423 0000

Leicester Galleries

5 Ryder Street, London, SW1Y 6PYP.
Tel: 020 7930 6059
Fax: 020 7930 4678

Image used courtesy of Peter Nahum At The Leicester Galleries, London.

Lucasfilms Ltd

Luxor Museum

The museum includes a number of exhibits from Tutankhamun and a statue of Tuthmosis III (circa 1436 BC). The photographer and copyright holder of the photograph featured in the Ancient Egyptian section of the History site is Dr Joann Fletcher.

Manx National Heritage

Douglas, Isle of Man, IM1 3LY.
Tel: 01624 648000

The national heritage agency for the Isle of Man, operating integrated cultural and natural heritage services and museums on behalf of the Manx people.

Mary Evans Picture Library

59, Tranquil Vale, London SE3 OBS.
Tel: 020 8318 0034

An independent historical picture archive housing visual documents of all kinds. Subject areas include historical events, scenes from everyday life, science, entertainment and natural history. The Mary Evans Picture Library also includes the Coupland Collection and the Paul Keevil Collection.

Mass Observation Archive

Images of Nella Last and her family are reproduced with the permission of the Trustees of the Mass Observation Archive, University of Sussex.

Maya Vision International

An independent film and television production company, best known for history documentaries.

The Menil Collection

1515 Sul Ross, Houston, Texas 77006.
Tel: 713-525-9400
Fax: 713-525-9444

Metropolitan Cathedral of Valencia

Plaza de la Reina, s/n, Valencia, Spain.

The 'Santo Caliz' is housed in its own chapel in Valencia Cathedral.

Middle East Centre Archive

St Antony's College, Oxford, OX2 6JF.
Tel: 01865 284706

The Middle East Centre Archive was created in 1961 with the aim of gathering together the papers, both personal and official, of individuals who have served in the Middle East. The archive contains the papers of senior Government representatives, members of the armed forces, businessmen, missionaries and travellers, covering the period from 1800 to the present day. The holdings include a substantial photographic collection of over 70,000 images.

Metropolitan Museum of Art

In formation since 1870, the Metropolitan Museum's collection contains more than two million works of art from all points of the compass, ancient through to modern times. The photographer and copyright holder of the photograph featured in the Ancient Egyptian section of the History site is Dr Joann Fletcher.

Mill TV

40 - 41 Gt Marlborough Street, London, W1F 7JQ.
Tel: 0207 287 4041

Mill TV is part of The Mill Group, which has been creating visual FX for television and film for over 10 years including the Oscar winning visual FX for Gladiator.

MPC-Inc. Ltd

Images reproduced with the permission of MPC-Inc. Ltd.

Musée du Louvre, Paris

Musée du Louvre, 75058 Paris.
Tel: (33) 01 40 20 50 50
Fax: (33) 01 40 20 54 42

One of the earliest museums in Europe. The collections span millennia dating from the birth of the great antique civilisations right up to the first half of the 19th century.

Museum of Bayeux

Centre Guillaum le Conquerant, 13bis, rue de Nesmond BP 240 - 14402 Bayeux Cedex, France.
Tel: +33 02.31.51.25.50

Images of the Bayeux Tapestry reproduced by special permission of the City of Bayeux.

Museum of London

London Wall, London EC2Y 5HN.
Tel: 020 7600 3699

Containing over 20,000 images of paintings, prints, drawings, maps, historic photographs, artefacts and costume, representing London's history, from prehistory to the present day.

Museum of Antiquities

The Museum of Antiquities, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU.
Tel: 0191 222 7846 / 7849

The Museum of Antiquities is the joint museum of the Society of Antiquaries of Newcastle upon Tyne and the University of Newcastle upon Tyne. It is the principal museum of archaeology in north east England.

Dr Nappo Salvatore Ciro

A private collection of photographs of ancient Rome.

Napier University

Tel: 0500 35 35 70 [c.lonie@napier.ac.uk]

Contact Catriona Lonie for information about the Craiglockhart War Hospital.

National Army Museum

Royal Hospital Road, Chelsea, London SW3 4HT.
Tel: 0207 730 0717

The British Army's own museum which tells the story of the army from Agincourt in the 15th century to contemporary peace-keeping.

National Gallery

The National Gallery, Trafalgar Square, London WC2N 5DN.
Tel: 020 7747 2885
Fax: 020 7747 2423

The National Gallery houses one of the greatest collections of European painting in the world. These pictures belong to the public and entrance to see them is free.

National Galleries of Scotland

The Dean Gallery, 73 Belford Road, Edinburgh EH4 3DS.
Tel: 0131 624 6258

The National Galleries of Scotland, comprise four buildings right in the heart of Edinburgh. Collections include European painting, sculpture and graphic art from the Renaissance to the present day.

National Gallery of Canada

380 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 9N4.
Tel: (613) 990-1985
Fax: (613) 993-4385

National Library of Scotland

George IV Bridge, Edinburgh EH1 1EW.
Tel: 0131 466 2812

This is Scotland's premiere research library. The Library has a major collection of manuscripts and archives which cover many aspects of the lives, activities and interests of Scots over the centuries.

National Library of Ireland

Kildare Street, Dublin 2.
Tel: +353 1 603 02 00

The National Library of Ireland is a cultural institution which collects, preserves and makes available books, manuscripts and illustrative material of Irish interest.

National Maritime Museum, London

Greenwich, London, SE10 9NF.
Tel: (020) 8858 4422

The National Maritime Museum is one of the largest and most important museum of its kind in the world. Its buildings include the Queen's House and the Royal Observatory Greenwich, all situated within two hundred acres of Royal Greenwich Parkland, in the heart of the Maritime Greenwich World Heritage Site.

National Museum of Ireland

Collins Barracks, Dublin 7.
Tel: 353 1 6777444.

The National Museum of Ireland was opened in 1890 as a result of the merging together of several Irish Collections. The Museum contains artefacts and masterpieces dating from 2000 BC to the 20th century.

National Museums and Galleries of Wales

Principle collections and galleries of Wales, including the Roman Legionary Museum, the Big Pit Mining Museum and the Welsh Slate Museum.

National Museum of Labour History

103 Princess Street, Manchester M1 6DD.
Tel: 0161 228 7212

The National Museum of Labour History is the national centre for the collection, conservation, interpretation and study of material relating to the history of working people in Britain.

National Museums of Scotland

Picture Library, Chambers Street, Edinburgh EH1 1JF.
Tel: 0131 247 4236

The museum provides a chronological tour of Scotland through the ages. Their picture library is open for research and their education department offers tours and events for adults as well as resources for schools.

National Parks Service

Colonial National Historic Park, PO Box 210, Yorktown, Virginia. 23690-0210.

The National Portrait Gallery

St Martin's Place, London WC2H 0HE.
Tel: 020 7306 0055

The gallery was founded in 1856 with the sole purpose of collecting the likenesses of famous British men and women and has become the most comprehensive collection of its kind in the world.

National Gallery of Art, Washington

National Mall between Third and Ninth Streets at Constitution Avenue, Washington.
Tel: (202) 737-4215

The National Gallery of Art houses one of the finest collections in the world illustrating major achievements in painting, sculpture, and graphic arts from the Middle Ages to the present. (Girl with the Red Hat, Andrew W. Mellon Collection 1937.1.53; Girl with a Flute, Widener Collection, 1942.9.98)

National Savings and Investments

National Savings and Investments is a government department and one of the largest savings organisations in the UK. Contact them on 0845 964 5000 for further information.

National Trust

The National Trust, PO Box 39, Warrington, WA5 7WD.
Tel: 0870 458 4000
Fax: 020 8466 6824

Nelson Society's Excavation of Nelson's Island

The Nelson Society, 68 Stamshaw Road, Portsmouth, Hants PO2 8LS.

Nestle UK

St. George's House, Croydon, Surrey, CR9 1NR.
Tel: 020 8686 3333

The New York Public Library

The Branch Libraries, Mid-Manhattan Library, 455 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10016.
Tel: 212.340.0878

The libraries include: Humanities and Social Sciences Library; New York Public Library for the Performing Arts; digital library collections; Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture; the Science, Industry and Business Library.

Nick Allin

The photographer and copyright holder of the photograph featured is Nick Allin

Norfolk Record Office

Gildengate House, Anglia Square, Upper Green Lane, Norwich NR3 1AX.
Tel: 01603 761349

The Yarmouth Assembly Book's NRO document reference number is Y/C 19/C

North Down Heritage Centre

Castle Park Avenue, Bangor BT20 4BT.
Tel: 28 9127 1200

Northern Ireland Tourist Board

24 Haymarket, London SW1Y 4DG.
Tel: 0207 766 9922

Norwich Castle and Ceramics Gallery

Castle Meadow, Norwich, Norfolk NR1 3JU.
Tel: 01603 493625

It's collections of fine art, archaeology and natural history are of national importance and include the best collections anywhere of paintings by the Norwich School of Artists and the world's largest collection of ceramic teapots.

Nova Scotia Archives and Records Management

Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek

Dantes Plads 7, DK - 1556, Copenhagen V.
Tel: +45 33 41 81 41

Art museum of international stature in the centre of Copenhagen. The Glyptotek houses more than 10,000 works of art divided up into two principal collections. One is of works from the Mediterranean cradle of Western culture, the other of Danish and French art from the 19th and 20th centuries.

The Clwyd-Powys Archaeological Trust

7a Church Street, Welshpool, Powys, SY21 7DL.
Tel: 01938 553670

A trust which specialises in helping protect, record and interpret all aspects of the historic landscape of north-eastern Wales. The Trust offers educational services, information on local sites of interest and recent projects.

The Olympus Optical Company

2-8 Honduras Street, London, EC1Y 0TX.
Tel: 020 7253 2772

Parker Library

Parker Library, Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, CB2 1RH.
Tel: 01223 338025

The Parker library contains many Medieval and Renaissance manuscripts including the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

The Parliamentary archives

House of Lords Record Office.
Tel: 020 7219 3074
Fax: 020 7219 2570

Palace of Westminster Collection

Curators' Department, Parliamentary Estates Directorate, 1 Canon Row, London SW1A 2JN.
Tel: 020 7219 0183

The Palace of Westminster Collection comprises paintings, sculpture and works on paper in the care of the House of Lords and House of Commons. The collection developed from an initiative of Prince Albert & the Fine Arts Commission in the 1840s. Today the collection comprises of Victorian frescoes, political cartoons, topographical images of Westminster and portraits of contemporary statesmen and women.

Panama Canal Authority

P.O. Box 5413, Miami, FL 33102-5413 U.S.A.
Tel: Central Telephone Exchange:(507) 272-1111.

The Authority is a Government body which administers the Canal and has kindly permitted the use of it's images in the BBCi History Panama Canal gallery only.

Private collection

Private collection, copyright Peter Feigl 2006

Penguin

We have done our best to find who owns the copyright to this quotation. The publisher of the book, Elm Tree/Penguin is not able to supply details of who owns the copyright.

People's History Museum

Museum Galleries & Education Service: Left Bank, Bridge Street, Manchester, M3 3ER.
Tel: +44 (0)161 839 6061

The Pepys Library

Pepys Library, Magdalene College, Cambridge. CB3 0AG.

Panama Canal Authority

P.O. Box 5413, Miami, FL 33102-5413 U.S.A.
Tel: Central Telephone Exchange:(507) 272-1111.

The Authority is a Government body which administers the Canal and has kindly permitted the use of it's images in the BBCi History Panama Canal gallery only.

Pergamon Museum

Pergamonmuseum, Bodestrasse 1-3, 10178 Berlin, Germany.
Tel: (030) 2090 5577

The Pergamon Museum, designed by Alfred Messel, houses spectacular works of architectural antiquities, including collections of Greek, Assyrian, Islamic and Far Eastern art.

Pitt Rivers Museum

Pitt Rivers Museum, South Parks Road Oxford, OX1 3PP.
Tel: (01865) 270927

The Pitt Rivers Museum celebrates human ingenuity and creative skill. It is committed to bringing its worldwide collections to public attention, encouraging the sharing of knowledge and inspiring deeper understanding amongst people of all cultures, ages and abilities.

Portable Antiquities Scheme

c/o Dept of Coins & Medals, British Museum, London WC1B 3DG.

The Portable Antiquities Scheme is a voluntary recording scheme for archaeological objects found by members of the public.

The Presbyterian Chuch in Ireland

Church House, Fisherwick Place, Belfast, BT1 6DW.
Tel: 028 9032 2284

The Presbyterian Church is the largest protestant denomination in Northern Ireland.

Professor Roger Beck

Image owned by Roger Beck who is an emeritus professor of Classics at the University of Toronto and a leading expert on Mithraism.

Press Association

Tel: 020 7963 7000

The national news agency of the UK and Ireland delivers news, pictures, alerts and data into national and regional newsrooms, UK broadcasters and digital publishers.

The National Archives

Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 4DU.
Tel: 020 8876 3444

The National Archives is the repository of the national archives for England, Wales and the United Kingdom. It was founded by act of Parliament in 1838 to bring together and preserve the records of central government and the courts of law, and to make them available to all who wish to consult them.

The Public Record Office of Northern Ireland

66 Balmoral Avenue, Belfast BT9 6NY.
Tel: 028 9025 1318

Punch Cartoons

Tel: 020 7225 6710

Queen's University Library

Queen's University of Belfast, University Road, Belfast, BT7 1NN.
Tel: 028 9024 5133

Römisch-Germanische Kommission, Frankfurt

Tel: 069 97 58 18 0 [info@rgk.dainst.de]

A member of the German Archaeological Institute

Reading University: Archaeology Dept

Whiteknights Box 227, Reading RG6 6AB.
Tel: 0118 3788132

The images relating to the excvation of Calleva Atrebatum are the copyright of Reading University and are reproduced with kind permission.

The Royal Collection

The Royal Collection can be seen at the Royal Palaces and Galleries. It includes paintings, drawings and watercolours, furniture, ceramics, clocks, silver, sculpture, jewellery, books, manuscripts, prints and maps, arms and armour, fans, and textiles. (Image: A Lady at the Virginals with a Gentleman (The Music Lesson), RCIN 405346, CW 230,WC 109 - 2002 - © Her Majesty, Queen Elizabeth II)

Royal Armouries

HM Tower of London.
Tel: 020 7709 0765

Open all year round, the Royal Armouries is responsible for the displays featured in the White Tower, as well as recording the history of the tower and its institutions. Commonwealth Cannon accession number: XiX325

Royal Highland Fusiliers Museum

518 Sauchiehall Street, Glasgow G2 3LW.
Tel: 0141 332 0961

The museum galleries deal with the history of the Royal Highland Fusiliers from 1678 until the present day and includes exhibits such as orders of dress, medals and decorations and military memorabilia from the Regiment's many overseas campaigns.

The Royal Irish Academy

19 Dawson Street, Dublin 2, Ireland.
Tel: +353 1 6762570

The Royal Irish Academy is the principal learned society in Ireland, founded in 1785 as a society for "promoting the study of science, polite literature and antiquities".

The Rural History Centre, University of Reading

University of Reading,PO Box 229, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6AG.

A national centre for the study of the history of farming, food and the countryside.

The Salvation Army Heritage Centre

Tel: 020 7332 8056
Fax: 020 7332 8099

Founded in East London in 1865, the Salvation Army offers a unique insight into the battle against poverty in Britain since the Victorian period, through a collection of photographs, official records, newspapers and periodicals housed in its archive and reference library. Access by appointment.

Science & Society Picture Library

London SW7 2DD.
Tel: 0207 942 4400

The library represents the collections of the National Museum of Science & Industry.

Science Photo Library Ltd

327-329 Harrow Road, London W9 3RB.
Tel: 0207 432 1100

Provider of images covering all aspects of science, health and medicine, space exploration and astronomy, technology and industry, earth science, satellite imagery, and nature and wildlife.

Scottish Crannog Centre

Loch Tay, Perthshire, Scotland PH15 2HW.
Tel: 01887 830583

An educational resource and tourist centre based around a unique reconstruction of an Early Iron Age crannog.

Scottish Jewish Archive Centre

Garnethill Synagogue, 127 Hill Street, Glasgow G3 6UB.
Tel: 0141 332 4911

Open every Friday from 9.30am to 1.30pm and every second Sunday of each month, the Scottish Jewish Archive Centre can be visited by appointment.

Scottish Mining Museum

Lady Victoria Colliery, Newtongrange, Midlothian EH22 4QN.
Tel: 0131 663 7519

The museum provides a visitor's centre, exhibitions, a hands-on operating room, recreated pit face, and is situated above the 'Lady Vic' mine in Newtongrange.

Scottish National Portrait Gallery

1 Queen Street, Edinburgh EH2 1JD.
Tel: 0131 624 6200

Home to the Scotland's greatest collection of European painting, sculpture and graphic art from the Renaissance to the present day.

Scottish Records Office / National Archives of Scotland

H M General Register House, 2 Princes Street, Edinburgh, Scotland EH1 3YY.
Tel: 0131 535 1334

NAS houses the main archive for sources of the history of Scotland as a separate kingdom, her role in the British isles and her part in international history. Also available: public and legal records of Scotland as well as many local and private archives.

Shakespeare Birthplace Trust

Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Records Office, The Shakespeare Centre, Henley Street, Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire CV37 6QW.
Tel: 01789 201816

As well as Shakespeare material of international importance, the Shakespeare Birthplace Trust Records Office holds many thousands of records relating to Stratford-upon-Avon and the surrounding area. Anyone studying local history in Warwickshire and neighbouring parts of Worcestershire and Gloucestershire, or tracing a family who lived here, is almost bound to find something of interest.

The Shields Gazette

Tel: 0191 4554661

The Shields Gazette, on news-stands since 1849, holds a rich photographic archive illustrating events in the North East, some of international importance such as the Jarrow Crusade and the early life of Catherine Cookson.

Shropshire Archives

Castle Gates, Shrewsbury SY1 2AQ.
Tel: 01743 255350

The Shropshire Archives contains the major research collection for Shropshire's history. It includes c.50,000 images of the county, its places and people from the 17th century to the present.

Silkeborg Museum, Denmark

Hovedgårdsvej 7 Dk-8600 Silkeborg.
Tel: +45 86 82 14 99

Simon Cooper

The Terry Deary and Samuel Pepys Galleries were illustrated by Simon Cooper, an illustrator and cartoonist. He has worked for many publications including Time Out, Radio Times, The Independent, NME, Empire and Punch.

Len Smee

These images from the BOAC airliner crash over the Sahara in 1952 are reproduced with kind permission of Len Smee, who was Chief Steward on the flight.

Somerset Wildlife Trust

Fyne Court, Broomfield, Bridgwater, Somerset, TA5 2EQ.
Tel: 01823 451587

The Society for Preservation of Afghanisatn's Cultural Heritage

SPACH is a small group of volunteers funded by donations from individuals and European governments. One of SPACH's main activities is awareness-raising. The Society publishes a 'library series', focussing on one particular monument or site. It is published in the main national languages, Pashtu and Dari, as well as in English.

Staatsbibliotek Bamberg

Neue Residenz, Domplatz 896049 Bamberg, Germany.
Tel: (0951) 95503-0

A regional museum offering exhibitions, guided tours and assistance to researching the archives. The museum also offers an online database which can be searched from their website.

Sylvia Friese-Greene

St Andrew's University Library

North Street, St Andrews, Fife, Scotland KY16 9TR.
Tel: 01334 462281

Members of the public are invited to use St Andrew's University library for reference purposes. Their service includes free access to databases and useful gateways to the web.

Sufi Movement

Permission to reproduce this image given by the Sufi Movement

Tate Britain

Millbank, London SW1P 4RG.
Tel: 020 7887 8000

The national gallery of British art from 1500 to the present day.

Tenerife Archaeological Museum

C/ Fuente Morales s/n, 38003, Santa Cruz de Tenerife.

This exhibition reflects the different aspects of the Guanche people, the primitive inhabitants of Tenerife. The photographer and copyright holder of the photograph featured in the Ancient Egyptian section of the History site is Dr Joann Fletcher.

Timewatch

Permission to reproduce this image given by the BBC Timewatch team

Trinitarian Library

San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane, Rome.

The images in this article are contained in books that are part of the library's collection.

Ulster History Park

Cullion, Lislap, Omagh, Co Tyrone BT79 7SU.
Tel: +44 028 8164 8188

Award-winning open-air museum of human settlement in Ireland.

Ulster Museum

Botanic Gardens, Belfast BT9 5AB.
Tel: +44 02890 383000

Union Pacific

Union Pacific Railroad Museum, 200 Pearl Street, Council Bluffs, Omaha.
Tel: 001 712 329 8307

The museum traces the history of the Union Pacific from it's launch. In addition, the company has an extensive archive of images of the building of the transcontinental railroad.

University of Glasgow Archives

Archives and Business Records Centre, University of Glasgow, 13 Thurso Street, Glasgow G11 6PE.
Tel: 0141 330 5515

Open to the public the University of Glasgow holds extensive archives including the Scottish Brewing archive and the Greater Glasgow Health Board archive as well as an extensive image database.

University of York

Heslington, York, YO10 5DD.

The University of York was founded in 1963, and currently has over 8000 students studying in over 30 departments.

United Distillers

University Museum of Cultural Heritage

Huk Aveny, 35, 0287, Oslo, Norway.
Tel: 00 47 22 438379

The exhibits at the Viking Ship Museum include finds from the great ship burials at Oseberg, Gokstad and Tune as well as finds from the chieftain grave at Borre, Vestfold county.

Universal Pictorial Press Agency

US National Archives

8601 Adelphi Road College Park, Maryland 20740-6001.

Images and documents of the US National Archive are in the public domain.

United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

00 Raoul Wallenberg Place, SW, Washington, DC 20024-2126.
Tel: (202) 488-0400(202) 488-0406

The United States' largest museum devoted to the memory of those who died during the genocide and mass murder of the Nazis during World War Two.

Verulamium

St. Michael's Street, St. Albans, Hertfordshire AL3 4SW.
Tel: 01727 751810

The museum of everyday life in Roman Britain.

The Victoria and Albert Museum

Cromwell Road, South Kensington, London SW7 2RL.
Tel: 020 7942 2000

The Victoria and Albert Museum in Kensington, London, is the world's largest museum of the decorative arts. Established from the proceeds of the Great Exhibition, 1851, (which was organised by Prince Albert) its collections include sculpture, furniture, fashion and photographs.

Werner Forman Archive

Specialises in the art and cultures of ancient, oriental and primitive societies.

Wessex Archaeology

Portway House, Old Sarum Park, Salisbury SP4 6EB.
Tel: 01722 326867

One of the largest archaeological practices in the UK whose work contributes to a greater understanding of the ways in which people lived in the past. The images which accompany the article on the Amesbury Archer appear by kind permission of Wessex Archaeology; the painting of the Archer is by Jane Brayne.

West Midlands Police Museum

Sparkhill Police Station, 639 Stratford Road, Sparkhill, Birmingham B11 4EA.
Tel: 0845 1135000

West Midlands Police Museum houses a collection of 5,000 criminal photographs and a museum of interest to anyone studying Victorian criminality.

West Stow Country Park and Anglo-Saxon Village

Icklingham Road, West Stow, Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk IP28 6HG.
Tel: 01284 728718

West Stow is a reconstructed Anglo-Saxon village built on the site of an original settlement. Finds from the site are displayed in a specially built interpretation centre. Throughout the year this unique village is bought to life when authentic costume groups host special events.

The Wellcome Trust

Medical Photographic Library, 210 Euston Road, London NW1 2BE.
Tel: 020 7611 8348

An independent research-funding charity, which seeks to raise awareness of the medical, ethical and social implications of research and promote dialogue between scientists, the public and policy makers.

West Dunbartonshire Libraries

Dumbarton Public Library, Local Collection, Strathleven Place, Dumbarton G82 1BD.
Tel: 01389 733273 / 763129

West Dunbartonshire County Council libraries serves over a population of almost 100,000 people on the outskirts of Glasgow.

Whitworth Art Gallery

The Whitworth Art Gallery, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M15 6ER UK.
Tel: 0161 275 7450

The Whitworth Art Gallery which is part of the University of Manchester in northwest England, is home to a range of watercolours, prints, drawings, modern art and sculpture, as well as the largest collections of textiles and wallpapers outside London.

Wiener Library

4 Devonshire Street, London, W1N 2BH.
Tel: 020 7636 7247

A private library funded by charitable donations. The collection includes material on the Holocaust, Germany before, during and after World War Two, Jewish history and life, refugees and migrations, war activities and war crimes.

Wilfred Owen Association

192 York Road, Shrewsbury SY1 3QH..
Tel: 01743 460089

The Wordsworth Trust

Dove Cottage, Grasmere, Cumbria LA22 9SH.
Tel: 015394 35544

World Health Organization

Avenue Appia 20, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland .

The Worthing Herald

Cannon House, Chatsworth Road, Worthing, West Sussex, BN11 1NA.
Tel: 01903 212 333

Gareth Williams

A private collection of photographs owned by the curator of Early Medieval Coins at the British Museum.

Wilton House

Wilton, Salisbury, Wilts SP2 0BJ.
Tel: 01722 746720 / 746729

A 450 year old building, standing on the site of a ninth century nunnery founded by King Alfred.

Yad Vashem

The Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, P.O.B. 3477, Jerusalem 91034 Israel.

Yad Vashem is the Jewish people's memorial to the murdered millions. It contains the world's largest repository of information on the Holocaust.

York Archaeological Trust

York Archaeological Trust is an independent charity dedicated to educating the public in archaeology.

Published: 2002-08-19