Map showing the route of the Armada fleet round Scotland and Ireland, by Augustine Ryther, 1588 ©
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It was important, moreover, to sail deep into the Atlantic after rounding the north coast of Scotland, to exploit the prevailing westerlies and avoid rocky coasts. The fleet therefore followed the course illustrated in commemorative maps made shortly afterwards by Augustine Ryther.

As late as 21 August, all was still well. The Armada had rounded Scotland and was homeward bound. The letters home of that day evince confidence and self-congratulation. Indeed, had the weather continued to hold, the outcome would have been hailed as a Spanish triumph - especially as the English defensive effort had almost collapsed under the strain, with naval supplies exhausted, while hastily mobilised manpower perished of disease and want.

But the wind veered and quickened. The Armada was delayed, then dispersed. Between 11 and 24 September, the fleet endured some of the worst weather ever recorded in the region, culminating in a veritable hurricane that seemed, reported one witness, 'that it would overwhelm and destroy the whole world'. At least 21 ships came to grief on Scottish and Irish shores. In one wreck - the Girona, lost while trying to leave Ireland after emergency repairs - the flower of Spanish chivalry died.

Surviving ships arrived home severely storm-damaged, with thousands of sick soldiers and crew. Medina Sidonia declared he would rather lose his head than return to sea. An English squadron commander, Sir Martin Frobisher agreed stating: 'let me be hailed to the stake before I come abroad again.'

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