The velocity of an object is its speed in a particular direction. Velocity is a vector quantity because it has both a magnitude and an associated direction. To calculate velocity, displacement is used in calculations, rather than distance.

Unlike distance, which is a scalar quantity, displacement is a vector quantity. It includes:

• the distance travelled, measured in a straight line from start to finish
• the direction of the straight line

Acceleration

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. It is the amount that velocity changes per unit time.

The change in velocity can be calculated using the equation:

change in velocity = final velocity - intial velocity

This is when:

• change in velocity is measured in metres per second (m/s)
• final velocity is measured in (m/s)
• initial velocity is measured in seconds (m/s)

The average acceleration of an object can be calculated using the equation:

This is when:

• acceleration is measured in metres per second squared (m/s²)
• change in velocity is measured in metres per second (m/s)
• time taken is measured in seconds (s)

If an object is slowing down, it is decelerating - in this case, its acceleration has a negative value.

Example

A car takes 8.0 s to accelerate from rest to 28 m/s. Calculate the average acceleration of the car.

First calculate change in velocity:

final velocity = 28 m/s

initial velocity = 0 m/s (because it was at rest – not moving)

change in velocity = (28 - 0) = 28 m/s

Then use the values to calculate average acceleration:

acceleration = 28 ÷ 8

acceleration = 3.5 m/s²

Question

A car takes 25 s to decelerate from 30 m/s to 20 m/s. Calculate the acceleration of the car.

Reveal answer

First calculate change in velocity:

final velocity = 20 m/s

initial velocity = 30 m/s

change in velocity = (20 - 30) = -10 m/s

Then use the values to calculate average acceleration:

acceleration = -10 ÷ 25

acceleration = -0.4 m/s²

The acceleration value is negative here because the car is slowing down or decelerating.